Intro to Sociology - 1167 Words

Intro to Sociology – 1/28 Book: Sidewalk by Dunier Available in NYU Bookstore March 13 – Midterm Exam 30% of Grade May 15 – Final Exam (8 in the Morning) Courses are central to the idea of concept ideas. Readings and course as whole might test hypothesis like pink Floyd, Another Brick in the Wall (No M/C, small essays). What is a Social Science? Empirical, Systematic, Conceptual. There are other realms that people think like how people believe what a society is; i.e religion, theology - tests ethics of morality. Philosophy tries to derive truths about social relationships by deducing premises as opposed to social science. Empirical means evidence is based on experience, instead of having holy text,†¦show more content†¦Smart? We know our context Is this triangle time? There was this girl who was studying 4th grade students. The teacher held an object and asked â€Å"what is this?† These students were shouting out answers. Some answered a â€Å"sail of a sailboat, A block, etc. â€Å" These answers are correct and incorrect. The true answer was the answer that should be given now. The answer was a triangle. If this was an art class., these would acceptable creative classes, but because Ms. Jones was teaching geometric concepts. The answer was a triangle. The right answer is the capacity is to know the social concept without doing the thinking. Just knowing that this was a triangle, then that is a talented child. Microscope to the Child Consciousness. Macroscope on Soc 1, Cantor: Social Class: Where did we come from? Hierarchy? (Domination?) Professor is always top. We are a brick in the wall. It is because of the bureaucratic way of NYU that allows this. Government :(grants, loans, civil liberties, no guns). Environment: just right (70-74 degrees) In NYU Accra, the temperature does not get regulated like here. This isn’t a night club, but a proper environment for learning. Corporations: Trustees, donations (who is Mr. Cantor and Mrs. Cantor?) The Sociological Imagination by C. Wright Mills Mills is saying that to have S.I. is to understand that link. To understand the link between the Macro and the Micro. What up withShow MoreRelatedIntro to Sociology1018 Words   |  5 Pages1a. Define routinization: †¢ Routinization is the way people go about doing something. It’s a method to organize chaos and when practiced it accomplishes the goal quickly and effectively. There are different methods used, but ultimately routinization produces the desired result. 1b. Strategies in the ER: †¢ In the essay by Chambliss’ essay, â€Å"Just Another Routine Emergency†, we learn of the best strategies that are used in the ER’s across the USA to routinize chaos. One of the main strategiesRead MoreIntro to Sociology Essay664 Words   |  3 PagesSOC, 2nd Edition by Niki Benokraitis Study Worksheet – Chapter 1 Answer Key Thinking Like a Sociologist Matching Match the person or term with the appropriate description in the table below. |Max Weber |E |Macrosociology |I |Symbolic Interactionism |M | |Karl Marx |D |W.E.B. DuBois |G |Conflict Theory |K | |EmpiricalRead MoreIntro to Sociology Observation Essay1873 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Observation at Local Fast Food Restaurant During Lunch† Author: XXXXX XXXXX XXX University Introduction to Sociology â€Å"Observation at Local Fast Food Restaurant at Lunch† Have you ever tried listening to everything going on at the same time at a fast food restaurant during the lunch time rush hour? Well, I did and I am going to share the results of my whirlwind encounter last week. Within my observation, I will go over the layout of the establishment in which my observationRead MoreDisability Term Paper1491 Words   |  6 PagesINTRO TO SOCIOLOGY 1 Running head: DISABILITY TERM PAPER Disability Term Paper By Jose A. Rosario Student # 700316 Central Texas College For Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for SOCI 1301 Introduction to Sociology Submitted to Dr. Duffy December 7, 2010 INTRO TO SOCIOLOGY 2 INTRODUCTION This paper demonstrates that hitherto sociological analyses of disability have been theoretically and methodologically inadequate. It is written that sociology, in common with the other major contemporaryRead MoreKarl Marx And Max Weber1324 Words   |  6 Pagesand Max Weber were influential sociologists that paved the way for modern sociological school of thought. Both, Karl Marx and Max Weber contributed a lot to the study and foundation of sociology. Without their contributions sociology would not be as prominent as it is today. From the contribution of how sociology should be studied, to how they applied their theories to everyday life has influenced many sociologists. Predominantly, both of these theorists’ discussed the effects of capitalism, howRead More1.Ethnic Niche Are Creations Within Industries Or Occupations1362 Words   |  6 Pageswith these biases in determining workplaces opportunities. 3. Functional theory conveys that ethnic and racial disparities happen because the prejudice that is emitted serves a certain purpose in society (Race and Ethnicity lecture used in my intro to sociology class last spring). The hate that stems from discrimination is used for something in society. For example, President Donald Trump’s administration uses immigrants as the scapegoat for the economic problems in the United States. Instead of blamingRead MoreMy Calling1181 Words   |  5 PagesExperimentation Research Senior Seminar x The Ancient World x Intro to Literature of the New Testament x Spanish I x Statistics for Social Sciences x Lifetime Fitness and Wellness x Music Appreciation x National Government x Survey of Math w/ Applications x Analysis of Text x New Student Seminar x Environmental Science x Development of Civilization x Intro to Speech Communication x Business Math x Composition I xRead MoreBriefly Outline the Distinctive Features of the Sociological Approach to Understanding Human Life and the Illustrate How You Would Use Sociology to Make Sense of Globalisation.1554 Words   |  7 PagesSociology is the systematic, sceptical and critical study of the way that people do things together .It’s not a science that simply lists facts and figures about society. Instead it becomes a form of consciousness, a way of thinking, a critical way of seeing the world. It welcomes you to challenge the obvious, to question the world as it is taken for granted and to de-familiarising the familiar. This is what empowers critical thinking which triggers the development of the understanding of the humanRead MoreFeminism Types and Definitions Liberal1287 Words   |  6 PagesLogin Plans Pricing How It Works Courses Degrees Schools Careers | Register Search Courses Lessons Feminism Types and Definitions: Liberal, Socialist, Culture Radical / Sex and Gender in Society / Sociology 101: Intro to Sociology / Social Science / Courses Like? Feminism Types and Definitions: Liberal, Socialist, Culture Radical Video Quiz Congratulations! You ve reached the last video in the chapter. Transcript Start the Next Chapter Race and Ethnicity Definitions: SocialRead MoreAgriculture Business and Management Essay example942 Words   |  4 Pagesfor export† (student scholarships 1). High school required classes to take in order to reach the career requirements are intro to agriculture, intro to agriculture economics, and computer science. The classes that Westminster High School has that are considered requirements are: intro to agriculture, computer science, agriculture mechanics, veterinary science, intro to business, economics, leadership. And FFA (club/organization). All the post high school courses needed are: â€Å"Ag. Economics, agribusiness

The Metamorphosis Character Analysis - 875 Words

Betrayal is the one thing in which man and woman are all guilty of putting onto one another. â€Å"The Metamorphosis† by Franz Kafka is a book related to a boy, named Gregor, who wakes up from his bed and realizes he is transformed into a nasty vermin. His family is befuddled of this transformation Gregor is going through. As a result, betrayal is a vital theme in â€Å"The Metamorphosis† and clearly focuses on the downfall of the main character Gregor Samsa. The Samsa family shows treachery, disloyalty and betrayal towards Gregor by showing minimal love, fear towards his abilities, and as well as unfair treatment of his cause. At the beginning of the novel, he doubts his ability to get out of bed, Gregor looks for the answer to this†¦show more content†¦His boss tells him that he is causing his parents unnecessary worry, but his parents are not worried at all or they would have busted into his room to see if he was okay. Whilst in the middle of all of this G regor is starting to get scared of what the change is bringing into his life and causing unnecessary worry. In chapter 2, Grete brings in food for Gregor and for a change he is being treated somewhat correct and they notice he has became a full time crawler. This causes the family to question what he is doing is not human and they are starting to fear his new abilities as a â€Å"bug†. As an example, his mother and Grete take out the furniture to give him more room to crawl. Losing all faith in Gregor they take the furniture out because the fear is too great they may never get their son back and they have to accept the fact Gregor is a nasty vermin. Gregor is treated differently than every person in his family and as well as everyone in the world. For example, Gregor is fed trash from the garbage instead of actual food because his sister realizes that Gregor does not want fresh food anymore. He is treated like a vermin in part because he has been treated like one for so long so he starts to feel like an actual bug. His parents did not care about him and they did not give their son the treatment he deserved. Towards the end of the novelShow MoreRelatedThe Metamorphosis Character Analysis1193 Words   |  5 PagesSometimes the people that you love and care for the most are the ones who will send you to your breaking point. Betrayal could quite possibly be the most hurtful action you can take towards someone. Throughout the novella, The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka, Gregor goes through a traumatic transformation only to find his family turn their backs on him and send him to his demise. This story can be looked at in a few diffe rent ways.(Connect these sentences) One of which is that Gregor literally turnedRead MoreMetamorphosis Character Analysis985 Words   |  4 Pagesinto his room† (Kafka, 14). In Metamorphosis, by Franz Kafka, Gregor Samsa’s family counts on him to pay off his parent’s substantial debts. One morning Gregor wakes up to find that he is a human sized bug. Surprisingly, he tried to live his everyday life and not panic, but when his family discovered that Gregor was a massive bug they were in terror. This led Gregor’s father to threaten to hit him to get him to stay in his room. Gregor is portrayed as a pathetic character that gets stepped on countlessRead MoreMetamorphosis Gregor Samsa Character Analysis1026 Words   |  5 Pages A villain is someone who opposes who opposes the protagonists (Websters). In Franz Kafka’s, Metamorphosis Gregor Samsa’s father’s tendencies and actions enhance the story. As Kafka recounts a story about Gregor wh o wakes up one morning, not feeling like himself, literally. He wakes up in an entirely different body, no longer does he walk and talk like a man, but rather lives and breathes through the body of a large insect. After all of Gregors, hardships and demonstrated devotion, his father stillRead MoreAllegorical Metamorphosis1128 Words   |  5 PagesAllegorical Metamorphosis Metamorphosis is transformation of an insect from an immature form to an adult form. Although this term is ordinarily used in Biology, Franz Kafka uses this term to title his peculiar story. This is a story about a young man named Gregor Samsa, who is a traveling salesman. He is a typical hardworking man trying to pay off debts. However, he wakes up one morning as a human-sized beetle. His parents see him as a beetle, they react negatively, but his sister, Grete, is notRead MoreUnsettling Dreams: an Analysis of the Metamorphosis1042 Words   |  5 PagesUnsettling Dreams: An Analysis of The Metamorphosis Through his essay â€Å"Competing Theories of Identity in The Metamorphosis†, Kevin W. Sweeny explores three different concepts of identity that are brought to light in Franz Kafka’s novella The Metamorphosis. While our social role and conscious mind help establish our character, ultimately our material body determines how we identify, to ourselves and the general public. Through The Metamorphosis, Kafka explores how losing control of the body canRead MorePerception in the metamorphosis1256 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals are born without essence and are shaped by knowledge and perception- is quite dubious. To what extent does the fact that multiple perceptions of a human being exist affect their identity? German-language writer Franz Kafkas novella The Metamorphosis and one of its themes of the struggle to define ones identity answers some of these questions. Published in 1915, this story is a fictitious account of the protagonist, Gregor Samsas transformation into a gigantic bug and the series of eventsRead MoreThe Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka Essay1496 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The metamorphosis,† is a story by Franz Kafka, published in 1915 is a story divided in three chapters: transformation, acceptance, and the death of the protagonist. There are many interpretations that can form this tale as the indifference by the society that is concerned with different individuals, and isolation pushing some cases to the solitude. Some consider The Metamorphosis as an autobiography of the author, which tries to capture the loneliness and isolation that he felt at some pointRead More The Metamorphosis- Critical Essay718 Words   |  3 Pagesmechanics and word usage. I feel that his essay is supportive of Kafka’s writing, but also leaves out many important details in its brevity. Richter did not include Kafka’s flaws and tendencies in his essay. Helmut Richter analyzed the plot of The Metamorphosis in his essay. He depicts the main plot of the story to be Gregor’s failure at his work, which leads to his death. The climax of the story starts off early in the book. When Gregor wakes up one morning, he realizes that he has turned into a giantRead MoreEssay on Analysis of The Metamorphosis1033 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of The Metamorphosis This story The Metamorphosis is about Gregor, a workaholic, who is changed into an insect and must then deal with his present reality. The hardest part of being an insect for him was the alienation from his family, which eventually leads to his death. In reading the short story The Metamorphosis, (1971),one can realize how small the difference is between Magical Realism and Fantastic. This literature written by the Austrian, Franz Kafka, is often debated overRead MoreEssay about Significance of the abject in Metamorphosis783 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Discuss the significance of the abject in Metamorphosis. Metamorphosis is a remarkable novel that has spanned numerous themes; from alienation to the absurdity of life. And one of the major themes is that of the abject. The abject, by definition, describes something brought low in position or condition, lacking in courage, or simply rejected. In short, the abject is a recurring theme throughout Metamorphosis – both literally; in the form of Gregor’s grotesque physical form, and metaphorically;

What I Would Do If I Won a Million Dollars free essay sample

For example, from the lottery maybe? Yes, the chances of winning are just as likely as being abducted by aliens but if I did, I this were to happen, what would I do with the cash? Winning the lottery is a favorite daydream for a lot of us. If I had a million dollars, Im guessing I would definitely want more. I would probably try to discover a way to double the million, probably put it up in a bank somewhere for a few years and let it collect some interest. If not all at least some, maybe half, would go to the bank. It seems that no matter how much money people tend to have, its never quite enough. Lots of hands would begin to appear in though this for sure. You turn into a millionaire and all of a sudden dues are owed and old friends you haven’t talk to in years will pop up wanting to be best of friends. We will write a custom essay sample on What I Would Do If I Won a Million Dollars or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It’s funny how people react when one gets ahold of a little cash. I gotta admit though, having a million dollars would be a lot of fun. With my bad money managing skills it probably last a few days. Id most likely give at least a a few thousands of it to my grandparent’s church and some to a kids charity. And I’d probably give a little to help the folks I knew in need. But of course this would all happen after I have made sure my family is all set. In my family there aren’t just 3 or 4 of us, there’s MANY. Id get a few houses in the tropical islands, a couple of new computers, laptops, with walk-in closets in each room. A year long vacation with my whole family somewhere exotic would be nice, too. After my family is all taken care of id divide the remaining money into separate accounts, one for each of my younger siblings. This money would go the each of them to use on college or whatever they decide when their 18 (better be college! ) and I’m sure a few thousand or so on educational benefits for me. If I were older, though, I would certainly need to spend it on my family, on cars and groceries, and all the required expenses of an adult. It hurts my head to think about all the numerous possibilities and, the problems, of having a million dollars. I think having a million dollars and spending it moderately wouldn’t be as easy as it seems, and would disappear in a blink of an eye. Yet then again, only God knows. I would think about the money and what worth it had for me. After all, Id be the one to own the million dollars, and what I do with it would be my choice and no one elses. If you ask me, Id like to keep things simple and not think too much about the possibilities. Id like to think that Id simply be a million dollars richer! Now, I say you lone me a million, and well see how I do.

Tesco Changing Business Environment Essay Example

Tesco Changing Business Environment Paper Briefly describe and measure the altering concern environment at Tesco over the last five old ages utilizing appropriate theories, theoretical accounts and relevant illustrations. Introduction Tesco was been founded by Jack Cohen, on his first twenty-four hours he managed to derive a net income of ?1 and gross revenues of ?4. Tesco is graded 3rd in universe for largest food market retail merchant, with its operations in more than 14 states. The name â€Å"Tesco† had appeared foremost in 1924, and its first store was opened in London. In 1947 the company was been listed on London Stock Exchange and in 1948 it opened the first self-service stores for concern. First Tesco supermarket was opened in 1956 in Essex. In 1947 Tesco started selling Gasoline. Its one-year Employee turnover in 1979 was around 1 billion lbs. It started its first senior section in 1975 and in 1997 Its first Large shops ( excess ) . Companies chief intent is to make value for clients in order to gain them lifetime trueness. This scheme made them successful and is now the topmost Supermarket in UK. Tesco apart from being one of the largest retail merchants for nutrient have besides embraced the non nutrient merchandises and spread outing on family goods, toilet articless, electrical points, dressing etc. One of the most of import schemes of Tesco is focus on non nutrient points. We will write a custom essay sample on Tesco Changing Business Environment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tesco Changing Business Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tesco Changing Business Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Business environment: Business environment includes of many factors that affect an administrations operation are clients, rivals, stakeholders, providers, industry tendencies, ordinances, other authorities ordinance, societal, economic factors and technological developments. â€Å"Business Environment is the sum of all things external to concern houses and industries which affect their administration and operations.† ( Bayard O Wheeler, 1968 ) The concern depends on many factors, but it has to move and respond consequently indoors every bit good as exterior of mill. Changes that occur within a company is called as internal factors and alterations outside the company are called as external factors. This consequence the aims and schemes of the company. PESTEL Analysis of Tesco: PESTLE Political, Economic, Social and Technological factors: analysis measures the market potency and state of affairs, peculiarly bespeaking growing or diminution Tesco is the giant of all supermarkets due to its UK laterality. Analysis of the marker has shown three chief grounds for this. A PESTLE analysis is hence utile in maintaining TESCO up to day of the month with their environmental milieus, for illustration, gaining in progress that we were heading for a recession would hold helped them to be after in front. Tesco are scattered everyplace both locally and internationallyThey sell to about every section of the societyThey sell both nutrient and non nutrient points Political:Politically, the recession is one of the chief spectrums that are presently impacting all the states which may take to higher Numberss of unemployment. As one of the largest and fastest turning retail merchants more occupations will be available with TESCO hence assisting to cut down the degrees of unemployment. Economic:One of TESCO’s competitory advantages at present relates to their overpowering physical presence, there are issues about TESCO driving out the competition from other retail merchants. There are policies every bit good as Torahs and ordinances regulating monopolies and competition which would be identified though an analysis. This is potentially one of the chief issues that TESCO’s are faced with. Protecting consumers and guaranting that enterprisers have the chance to vie in the market economic system are of import within consumer jurisprudence. Due to the current province of the economic system, many little concerns are neglecting and many unable to come in the market. Analysis has helped to measure where location wise there is a demand for enlargement. The state of affairs is in no manner being assisted by the of all time spread outing TESCO’s ironss of shop. Under EU jurisprudence, there is given that an administration with a big market portion is dom inant. The concerns with this are that quality of merchandises and services will steal and there is a hazard of paying higher monetary values. TESCO to day of the month has non been assessed as presenting a hazard of development but should bear this in head. This is the ground why habitue or uninterrupted scans doing usage of the PESTLE analysis will take to uninterrupted appraisals which can guarantee that TESCO’s laterality is non in any manner exploitatory. Planing permission is an issue that TESCO earnestly necessitate to be cognizant of due to their continued enlargement. Planing permission is to a great extent regulated in the UK. A thorough analysis would assist us to place the relevant Torahs on planning permission and whether any opposition to planning was on lawful evidences or simply local people’s dissent. It hence ab initio assesses the possible success of a shop in a new country. Sociable:Sociological facet of the PESTLE analysis involves lifestyle tendencies, demographics consumer attitudes and sentiments, consumer purchasing forms major events and influences purchasing entree and tendencies in the instance of Tesco considerations such as the addition in in-migration of Eastern Europeans or increase in immature professionals. Naturally there is hence a demand for new goods for illustration ; the calling minded professional who is a individual individual. This has seen a rise in the repasts for one or quick microwaveable repasts to do cookery quick and easy for those ever on the spell. Technological:Technological factors which have possibly had the most impact on TESCO has been the growing in the usage of the cyberspace.Internet has given new form to new twenty-four hours shopping They have capitalised on the usage of online shopping forum Tesco direct and supply a bringing service through their web site at www.tesco.com.this has aided the company to provide to a larger section of people at their convenience. TESCO’s are besides instrumental as a retail merchant in back uping C decreases and have created a ?100 million Sustainable Technology Fund for this intent. They besides encourage their clients to do low C picks. Yet if TESCO’s did non take their corporate duties earnestly in relation to environmental issues it could hold face effects for TESCO’s repute. By making a PESTLE analysis we can analyze the development and the success of TESCO’s in add-on to the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours direction of each shop in line with strategic determinations. Without cognizing what external factors affect the administration, it is hard to pull off the concern in an efficient mode. Tesco s Business Operations Understanding thorough assorted concern theoretical accounts, all companies need several concern schemes to run their concern in a smooth mode. They follow assorted methods to make so. One of the major is to analysis the strengths failing of the company along with the chances it has and which may originate in future and the menaces which they may confront. SWOT Analysis Strength, failing, Threat and Opportunities Strengths 1. Tesco is one of the largest and renowned food market retail merchants. The trade name name is one of the biggest strengths they possesses. They have diversified into different states with about 1 million work forces from different backgrounds and different age groups. During the diminution of planetary retail overall gross revenues the company has still shown a growing of 13 % within the UK markets and 26 % internationally.They have won several retail awards for maintaining up their criterions and supplying best retails services maintaining in head their corporate duties. They are continuously spread outing with propositions of opening several shops on an international degree. 2. Of the major supermarkets in the UK, merely Tesco, The Co-operative, Iceland and Sainsbury s offer trueness card schemes to clients. Customers can roll up two Club card points for every ?1 ( or one point for ˆ1 in Ireland and Slovakia ) they spend in a Tesco shop, or Tesco.com, and 1 point per ?1 in gasoline station ( non in Slovakia ) . Customers can besides roll up points by paying with a Tesco Credit Card, or by utilizing Tesco Mobile, Tesco Homophone, Tesco Broadband, selected Tesco Personal Finance merchandises or through Club card spouses, E.ON and Avis. Each point equates to 1p in shop when redeemed or 4p when used with club card trades ( offers for vacations, twenty-four hours trips, etc ) . Club card points ( UK A ; IE ) can besides be converted to Air stat mis. Club card points are besides converted into vouchers which can be redeemed for excess points or hard currency sums. 3. They use its own-brand merchandises, including the upmarket Finest , mid-range Tesco trade name and low-price Value embracing several merchandise classs such as nutrient, drink, place, vesture, Tesco Mobile and fiscal services. Failings 1. Due to the current economic conditions TESCOs may endure from the lifting cost of life and lower incomes available to the public resulting in less demand for the non indispensable and mid to high priced points. 2. Due to the on-going recession TESCOs Finance net income degrees were impacted through bad debt, recognition card arrears and family insurance claims. This could go on if the market doesn’t see alteration shortly. 3. TESCOs has retained its place as a monetary value leader in UK markets for which they had to cut down net income borders in order to retain the cardinal monetary value points on commercial points. 4. Grocer mercantile establishments are non set up to run as specializer retail merchants in specific countries of merchandise which can be capitalised on by smaller retail merchants and things can be sold locally. Menaces 1. Due to the on-going recession UK and American markets have been affected by economic concerns. Loss of employment and Lower income available will impact and strategic focal point may necessitate to alter to take down priced basic merchandises with less focal point on higher priced trade names and luxury merchandises proposing a alteration in pricing construction. 2. Due to modern development and changeless alterations in engineering there are a batch of alterations to consumer purchasing behavior. Necessitating farther analysis as engineering develops consumer purchasing forms alteration which will ensue in merchandise countries necessitating rating invariably to maintain up with the demands. 3. Rising natural stuff costs from both nutrient and non nutrient will impact net income borders overall. 4. Sourcing alterations to Far East locations with respects exporting limitations on some non nutrient merchandise countries will cut down border rates on merchandises with already low borders. 5. Tesco has ever feared the menace of coup detat from the market leader Wal-Mart who has both agencies and motivation to prosecute such action. Wal-Mart has been a leader particularly in the US market for few old ages now. With its confederation with ASDA in the UK they are one of the nearest rivals. Opportunities 1. After researching the growing figures and gross revenues of Tesco the statics suggest that TESCO is the 3rd largest planetary grocer which indicates a degree of purchasing power to guarantee mainstream economic systems of graduated table. 2. The acquisition of Homever provides the chance to develop the trade name through Asia, specifically South Korea and farther turn International markets for the group. 3. Tesco Direct has been one of the recent and great accomplishments which has been seen as one of the of import tools in increasing the gross revenues borders. The online and catalogue shopping will turn the usage of engineering, supplying the launch tablet for larger non nutrient based merchandises with moderate to high border returns and less focal point on gross revenues and border per pes return to infinite. The development of such platforms non merely assist in salvaging retail infinite but reach a larger figure of people. 4. TESCO mobile have grown ? million clients in 2008 and moved into profitable position proposing farther growing and development within this technological country can be developed. Tesco’s Market Share ( Figures based on twelvemonth 2008-2009 ) in comparing with the closest rivals ASDA, Morrison, Sainsbury ) Fig 1 TESCO’s growing chart over the last five old ages ( 2005-2009 ) demoing changeless growing in turnover and net income. Bowman scheme It s another suited manner to analyse a company s competitory place in comparing to the offerings of rivals. Bowman considers competitory advantage in relation to be advantage or distinction advantage. There are six core strategic options Low monetary value / depression added value: this option is based on cleavage. Tesco has merchandises that will be suited for different geographical countries, population or age Low Monetary value: this option signifies the importance of being the cost leader. The company has to the hazard of monetary value war and low borders Hybrid the Company need to take attention of the rhythm of reinvestment by maintaining a low cost base and low monetary value Differentiation: Differentiation can be created either with a monetary value premium the perceived added value should be sufficient plenty to bear the monetary value premium or without where the perceived value by user giving market portion benefits Focused distinction: the company tries to concentrate on perceived added value to a peculiar section which will guarantee a premium monetary value. Increased monetary value criterion: maintaining higher borders in instance rival do non desire value put on the lining fring the market portionIncreased monetary value /low values.this option will merely work if the company holds a monopoly and has no rivals Low value criterion monetary value: in this option one would lose the market portion as the value provided is low at a standard monetary value of the market Tesco s Steering Wheel ( 1997 ) Cardinal public presentation indexs: The principle for the scheme is to broaden the range of the concern to enable it to present strong sustainable long-run growing by following the client into big spread outing markets at place – such as fiscal services, non-food and telecoms – and new markets abroad, ab initio in Central Europe and Asia, and more late in the United States. The schemes and aims of the company: Tesco has a well-established and consistent scheme for growing, which has allowed us to beef up our nucleus UK concern and drive enlargement into new markets. †¢ To be a successful international retail merchant: Tesco is concentrating on non merely a full enlargement within the UK but besides throughout the universe. Presently they have several undertakings including reopening of retail mercantile establishments in states like China, India, Brazil.†¢ To turn the nucleus UK concern: Tesco wants to supply first-class client service and value to all clients thought the UK†¢ To be as strong in non-food as in nutrient. The enlargement of hypermarket manner supermarkets and the accent of sale of non merchandises have increased over the last few old ages.non nutrient represents a important net income chance I have tried to look at the overall company’s policies and schemes of Tesco to be as strong in non nutrient point like it does in nutrient.†¢ To develop retailing services such as Tesco Personal Finance, Telecoms and Tesco.com †¢ To set community at the bosom of what we do: Tesco accent on supplying value services and to gain life clip trueness. They take inaugural in developing the community and doing an attempt to determine the environment for improvement. The policies they follow include utilizing just trade policies, making shared value, societal accounting etc. They have close associations with charitable organisations like malignant neoplastic disease research, race for life etc The growing of any merchandise sale depends on different facets. I have visited about all Tesco formats and had a position of what Tesco is offering and how the services are provided for the same Gaining Customer Loyalty- What is in topographic point and how have they improved over the five twelvemonth – trueness card, rank Tesco’s Club card plan boasts 10 million active families and captures 85 % of hebdomadal gross revenues. It is besides a symbol of Tesco’s committedness to their clients as persons: multidimensional client cleavage and tailored communications as of last June, four million alone quarterly mailings prove to Tesco’s clients that they can number on their â€Å"local grocer† to cognize them. Mailings are tailored to the demands, involvements, and possible involvements of Club Card members. Customers are segmented into cost witting, mid-market, and up-market sections, which are in bend segmented into healthy, gourmet, convenient, household life, and so on. These sub sections are so segmented further and communications are tailored to each.Impressively, Club Card voucher salvation is in the 20 % -40 % scope and cost per salvation decreased since the origin of the Club Card Program. By aiming in such a relevant manner and treating clients harmonizing to their single behaviours, demands, and desires, Tesco came to understand that a higher-value voucher is non needed when you’ve reached the right individual in the right manner with a trim message.In the five twelvemonth period following the execution of the Club Card plan, gross revenues have increased by 52 % and still turn at a rate higher than the industry norm. Shop gaps and enlargements have increased Tesco’s floor infinite by 150 % .In the on-line infinite, tesco.com boasts 500,000 minutess hebdomadal, numbering about two billion lbs in gross revenues each twelvemonth. The profitableness, plus the size of the tesco.com concern and the figure of minutess it completes, makes tesco.com a genuinely alone on-line food market shop. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.loyalty.vg/pages/CRM/case_study_14_Tesco.htm ) Decision and recommendation: After a thorough research of Tesco as a company, its schemes and the turnover and gross revenues figures it can be assessed that the company has been on a changeless growing graph. The company is confronting few challenges due to recession and changeless technological developments nevertheless with their schemes they are turning them into chances. The company non merely is concentrating at a diversified and international market but is besides making it in manner which will non merely profit it clients and run into the corporate duty. They presently besides are one of the leaders in the UK market with 30 % portion and 3rd internationally. Tesco besides y launched a new scope of cheaper price reduction goods to halt shoppers abandoning, which hit Tesco s top-line gross revenues as shoppers traded down to the new points. Shoppers now buy an norm of two points each from the price reduction scope. The launch of the Tesco Club card to promote shopper trueness is besides been a great advant age. The company should concentrate on covering with recession and inventing new ways to maintain up with the market portion than cut downing the monetary values down to run into competition. Bibliography Mentions: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tescoplc.com/plc/about_us/strategy/hypertext transfer protocol: //www.businessballs.com/portersfiveforcesofcompetition.htmhypertext transfer protocol: //www.oppapers.com/essays/Tesco/249648hypertext transfer protocol: //www.modelanswer.co.uk/business/help/pestle/tescos.phphypertext transfer protocol: //www.businessteacher.org.uk/business-resources/swot-analysis-database/tesco-swot-analysis/hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tescoplc.com/plc/about_us/strategy/community/hypertext transfer protocol: //www.oppapers.com/essays/Tesco/249648hypertext transfer protocol: //www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/jun/16/tesco-sales-losing-market-share Other Essaies on Tesco Other essays available on the Tesco administrations are: Tesco Business analysis Tesco is one of the taking supermarkets Tesco Strategy analysis Tesco SWOT analysis Tesco Fresh Veg Supply Chain Management

Death Penalty - Herrera Vs Collins Essays - , Term Papers

Death Penalty - Herrera vs Collins The Supreme Court addressed the constitutionality of executing someone who claimed actual innocence in Herrera v. Collins (506 U.S. 390 (1993)). Although the Court left open the possibility that the Constitution bars the execution of someone who conclusively demonstrates that he or she is actually innocent, the Court noted that such cases would be very rare. The Court held that, in the absence of other constitutional violations, new evidence of innocence is no reason for federal courts to order a new trial. The Court also held that an innocent inmate could seek to prevent his execution through the clemency process, which, historically, has been "the 'fail safe' in our justice system." Herrera was not granted clemency, and was executed in 1993.. Since Herrera, concern regarding the possibility of executing the innocent has grown. Currently, more than 80 death row inmates have been released because of innocence since 1973. In November, 1998 Northwestern University held the first-ever National Conference on Wrongful Convictions and the Death Penalty, in Chicago, Illinois. The Conference, which drew nationwide attention, brought together 30 of these wrongfully convicted inmates who were exonerated and released from death row. Many of these cases were discovered not as the result of the justice system, but instead as the result of new scientific techniques, investigations by journalism students, and the work of volunteer attorneys. These resources are not available to the typical death row inmate. Public Support Support for the death penalty has fluctuated throughout the century. According to Gallup surveys, in 1936 61% of Americans favored the death penalty for persons convicted of murder. Support reached an all-time low of 42% in 1966. Throughout the 70s and 80s, the percentage of Americans in favor of the death penalty increased steadily, culminating in an 80% approval rating in 1994. Since 1994, support for the death penalty has again declined. Today, 66% of Americans support the death penalty in theory. However, public support for the death penalty drops to around 50 % when voters are offered the alternative of life without parole. (See also, DPIC's report, Sentencing for Life: American's Embrace Alternatives to the Death Penatly) Religion In the 1970s, the National Association of Evangelicals (NAE), representing more then 10 million conservative Christians and 47 denominations, and the Moral Majority, were among the Christian groups supporting the death penalty. NAE's successor, the Christian Coalition, also supports the death penalty. Today, Fundamentalist and Pentecostal churches as well as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) support the death penalty, typically on biblical grounds, specifically citing the Old Testament. (Bedau, 1997). Although traditionally also a supporter of capital punishment, the Roman Catholic Church now oppose the death penalty. In addition, most Protestant denominations, including Baptists, Episcopalians, Lutherans, Methodists, Presbyterians, and the United Church of Christ, oppose the death penalty. During the 1960s, religious activists worked to abolish the death penalty, and continue to do so today. In recent years, and in the wake of a recent appeal by Pope John Paul II to end the death penalty, religious organizations around the nation have issued statements opposing the death penalty. Complete texts of many of these statements can be found at www.envisioning.org. Women Women have, historically, not been subject to the death penalty at the same rates as men. From the first woman executed in the U.S., Jane Champion, who was hanged in James City, Virginia in 1632, to the 1998 executions of Karla Faye Tucker in Texas and Judi Buenoano in Florida, women have constituted only 3% of U.S. executions. In fact, only four women have been executed in the post-Gregg era. In addition to Karla Faye Tucker and Judi Buenoano, Velma Barfield was executed in North Carolina in 1984 and Betty Lou Beets was executed in Texas in February, 2000. (O'Shea, 1999, with updates by DPIC)

How to Write Essays of Any Kind

How to Write Essays of Any Kind Writing good essays is a tough task. You have to be focused. You need discipline, strategy, and flexible research abilities. If you do everything right, you’ll be happy with a result. Generally, any paper, such as a college essay, research paper, or even some kind of an office paper will be easy for you if you follow the proper strategy. Many students discovered that due to their own experience. Those who use a proper approach can easily write any paper really fast. Some methods become some popular that even teachers include them in an English curriculum to let students know the right way of writing different papers. In 2007, the Spartan System of writing was published on the internet. Since then, thousands of students have an opportunity to appreciate all the advantages of this method. The author of the Spartan System managed to write more than 70,000-word long book. The whole writing process took just two months. What Is the Secret? The author of this method was interested in Greek history, and in military tactics of the ancient Greeks, in particular. He thought that the approach that allowed generals rule a 10,000 army, moving it across the country, may help students who need to write a lot of words in a short time. This is what their strategy looked like: they brought troops together, keeping supplies in a center of a square-shaped unit. The strongest soldiers were placed at the front and back. Every time they faced any danger, these troops left their positions to just repel an attack, and then moved back immediately. This structure was impenetrable. They easily demoralized their opponents and could travel long distances even under the most difficult circumstances. Xenophon wrote that their idea was that, when the attack happens, they don’t plan defense on the go but immediately use soldiers who were specifically trained for this situation. The Spartan method of essay writing works exactly the same way: you create an introduction that determines the shape of your â€Å"army†, and then write paragraphs, creating the strong sides. Your paragraphs may act independently sometimes, but they should always follow the purpose of the entire formation. You have to maintain the square because it’s the key to success. When writing an essay, you write a text that consists of many sentences. It includes an introduction, a topic, a thesis, a mini-thesis at the beginning of each paragraph, and a conclusion that sums up everything written before and explains the general meaning of your paper. These four sentences are basic models that determine everything else. All sentences correspond to these universal models and create an undefeatable square. If you take a look at Chuck Palahniuk’s Fight Club, you will notice that every time the plot moves in a new direction, it immediately returns back to remind the main point. Now, forget boring prompts that you’ve been given. Forget all these â€Å"Commentary/Details† stuff, and let’s think about real work. Here is the example of the outline for a five-paragraph paper: Introduction Start with a catchy and broad hook. Consider it as a meta-topic of your paper. Write your thesis. Here you have to specify and develop the idea of your hook, taking into account your prompt and the subject of your paper. Write the sentence that forms the basis for the first body paragraph. Do the same thing for the second body paragraph. and repeat this step for the third body paragraph. Take a look at your hook and thesis and write a cohesive transitional sentence that will lead your readers to the first body paragraph. Some people say that the thesis must be written at the end of the introduction, but this point is quite controversial. The point of an essay is to come up with an idea and then support it. You can’t support a thought that hasn’t been written yet. The First Body Paragraph Rewrite the thesis of the first body paragraph. Support this mini-thesis with facts and analysis. Restate the mini-thesis in a context of the general thesis of the paper. When supporting a thesis with evidence, always begin with the strongest piece of evidence. Start with broad ideas, then move to more specific ones. After this, draw a conclusion. Make sure that your quotes are properly integrated into the sentence. Don’t make your quotes longer than 5-7 words. The Second Body Paragraph Rewrite the thesis of the second body paragraph. Support this mini-thesis with facts and analysis. Restate the mini-thesis in a context of the general thesis of the paper. The Third Body Paragraph Rewrite the thesis of the third body paragraph. Support this mini-thesis with facts and analysis. Restate the mini-thesis in a context of the general thesis of the paper. The Conclusion Restate the meta-theme (the hook of the introduction). Restate the general thesis statement once more. Write one sentence for the first body paragraph. Write one sentence for the second body paragraph. Write one sentence for the third body paragraph. Write a conclusion sentence based on your hook and your thesis. The last sentence of your essay must address a broad issue that is worth further consideration. It also must reflect the value of your point. That’s it. No, really. Now you can understand why such a method simplifies your task. You only need six original sentences, and then you play with them and write all the rest. You can apply this method when writing 500-word papers, as well as when working on 500-pages texts. This method allows you to write an essay that is self-supporting, self-generating and self-concluding. Follow this method and you’ll feel like a Greek general who built the square and trained troopers in advance so that they can do what they are supposed to do, while you don’t need to improvise. You follow the pre-determined boundaries, so you control the whole situation. Every sentence of your essay has its particular purpose. Now you shouldn’t worry about professors checking your essay with a prompt because you made the structure first and filled it with the content later. The middle of the square is the place where your readers are. You arrange everything around them and they can understand you clearly, being protected from doubts and misreadings. The introduction and the conclusion are where you write your strongest points. These thoughts lead your readers through the essay and push them forward. In the hook, you look in the future. In the conclusion, you look back. Everything between these two parts is just details. Your thesis statement is the backbone of the essay and it represents the whole paper, just like it’s supposed to do. Once you’ve written the thesis statement, the whole paper is almost done. After this, you won’t have any problems with filling the body part with evidence and other details. The meta-theme is directly related to the central theme, just like all the mini-themes. The interesting thing about this method is that you follow the pre-defined rigid structure that gives you the real freedom. Once you’ve created the structure, all you need is to fill it with ideas, placing each point in its specific place. This is your opportunity to take the topic and the thesis statement to a completely new level, making your papers understandable like never before. Obviously, it’s your simplest and fastest way to get high grades. The Spartan System allows you to reduce stress and write papers easily, regardless of the topic or length. Just try this system now and see how it works. Set a certain goal and a time limit. For example, 10 pages in 4 hours. You’ll see how a big A+ will appear on the front of that paper!

Policy Brief Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Policy Brief - Research Paper Example It is however regrettable that to some extent, human actions and activities have promoted the rise of the aspect or issue of climate change. Conversely, empirical evidence and studies have pointed to the direction that as much as there are natural causes or acts of God which are beyond human control. For instance, when the volcanic eruptions occur or there a significant drift in the plate tectonics, it follows that climatic patterns would change considerably. There are also biotic processes and conditionalities alongside the instances of solar radiation. However, a keen interest lies on the contribution of the human activities to this phenomenon and how we as the human race could reverse the situation. It is important to note and mention that the human activities bring to the fore the aspect of global warming whose effects need no over-emphasis at this point in time. Thus, curative measures and approaches ought to be taken to ensure climate change is brought under control and measures taken to correct the same. It is my guided view and opinion that the virtue of your position as the executive director of the United Nations Environmental Programme, you could oversee the policy framework and borderlines to help address the issue of climate change. It is a public knowledge and common fact that once your office with your interests takes a matter of interest, then the whole world would listen to it. Thus, it would be important if the organization which you head, takes the matter so as to give the notion and the whole concept of climate change global attention. It goes without saying that as much as the consequences and the effects of global change are dire, without proper attention to address it then the effects would continue to affect the society as a whole (Caney, 750). Empirical studies and evidence have suggested that when a volcano erupts, there is a sufficient amount of sulphur dioxide, dust, water vapor and ash which are

Health Finance 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health Finance 2 - Assignment Example 14). The revenue in such practices and clinics is usually received after the service is delivered and after a treatment session is over. Patients may opt for a single session or sitting or they may decide to take a full course of the treatment that can extend for a few weeks. First time visitors must pay a consultation fee and subsequent visits are charged an hourly fee or a per session fee. Different types of revenue types available for healthcare in general are Discounted Fee-for-Service, Fee-for-Service, Managed Care, Medicaid Program, Medicare Program and Payer Mix. Chiropractors are not eligible for any of the managed care system and so the revenue group followed is fee for service. This choice of service cannot be avoided since the Chiropractor is recognised as an alternative medicine. In some cases, when a patient agrees to take a course of treatment, the doctor may agree to receive payment after the sittings are over. Some patients can then refuse to pay saying that they have not been cured. Since this treatment does not base the treatment on the results of blood and other medical tests, it is difficult for the Chiropractor to prove the efficacy of the treatment. In addition, since the treatment is not paid by insurer, liability of receiving payment is with the Chiropractor. This reduces overcharging and instances of false assurances by the doctors and a customer with legitimate grievances can protect himself. Therefore, this fee for service is better than other revenue formats (Andrew, p.

Thomas becket Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Thomas becket - Research Paper Example Thomas was born December 21st, 1118 or 1120 in the family of a wealthy and prosperous merchant, a citizen of London – Gilbert Beket. The name Thomas was given to him because he was born on St. Thomas the Apostle’s day. Both Thomas’ parents were of Norman ancestry. Very little is known about Thomas’ childhood. What we do know is that his mother was a righteous and charitable woman, giving him some allowance to give to the poor. That had a great impact on him and played a key role in making him what he became in his adult life. Becket studied between the age of ten and twenty-one, most likely between 1130 and 1141. He studied in a few educational institutions, such as the Augustinian priory at Merton in Surrey, and then in one or more of the grammar schools in London. His student life was spent in Paris. He was not a particularly studious pupil. His mother was the one who encouraged him to study. In fact, when she died, he stopped his education at age of twe nty-one. Frank Barlow says about his education: Thomas’ rather sketchy education caused the biographers some difficulty. They know that, although he was extremely intelligent, he was never much of a scholar†¦ Presumably, because he became an archbishop and then a saint†¦ even if he had been an inattentive schoolboy, in ten years he must’ve gone through the whole curriculum at a modest level and acquired some knowledge of the seven liberal arts†¦ But clearly he had not mastered the subjects†¦ It is also clear that, in youth, he did not proceed beyond the basic curriculum. His legal and theological studies pertain to later periods of his life, to professions which required those special qualifications. (Barlow 21) Thomas’ father, Gilbert Beket suffered financial problems, so Thomas was forced to find a work. He first worked as a clerk for a relative, but later became the agent to Theobald, the then-current Archbishop of Canterbury. He was sent on a few important missions to Rome. He was entrusted with much, and his efficiency paid off. Theobald recommended him to King Henry II for the position of Chancellor. Becket was appointed to this position in January 1155. On this post, Becket showed his political brilliance – he razed castles, repaired the Tower of London, raised, prepared and led troops to war, conducted various diplomatic missions etc. He was completely trusted by Henry II, who, besides a loyal and faithful subject, found Thomas to be a close friend and a great companion. He aided the King in his mission to subject all power into the hands of the monarch, even when his interests were contrary to those of the church. As a Chancellor, Becket lived and traveled in luxury. This strongly contradicted with his status as Archdeacon of Canterbury. Another very serious and contradicting occurrence was the fact that he flatly refused to leave this post, even though he neglected his duties. Theobald disapproved his a ctions greatly, Becket when he was called on, did not appear before the dying Archbishop. This is another fact historians widely criticize. During this time the Gregorian reform had begun to be implemented, spreading from the Holy Roman Empire, Italy and France and started to influence English clerics as well. According to the reform, the clerical posts were appointed by free elections, an issue of free appeal to Rome was implemented, and other such changes, that made the church more independent from secular rule. Henry II

Symbolism in Yeats’ Easter 1916

Symbolism in Yeats’ Easter 1916 Symbolism in Yeats’ Easter 1916 William Butler Yeats, in his essay, ‘The Symbolism of Poetry’ wrote â€Å"All sounds, all colours, all forms, either because of their preordained energies or because of long association, evoke indefinable and yet precise emotions, or, as I prefer to think, call down among us certain disembodied powers.† W.B.Yeats wrote many of his works by the use of rich symbolism through either color, forms or sounds. One of Yeats’ major work, ‘Easter 1916’ also uses the references to certain symbols and brings forth associations with significant events in the history of Ireland. It is a poem which evokes one to remember the incidences of the ‘Easter Uprising’ of 1916 in Dublin through the means of rich symbolism. The poem ‘Easter 1916’ holds true to Yeats’ quote found in his essay ‘Symbolism of Poetry’ that certain colors and forms evokes precise emotions through either their long associations or their preordaine d energies. The symbol of ‘terrible beauty’, ‘the stone’, and the color ‘green’ through preordained energies and long associations respectively, evokes certain emotions related to the historical context of the ‘Easter Uprising’ of 1916. Yeats mentions the phrase ‘a terrible beauty is born’ three times in the poem. What actually is this ‘terrible beauty’? Yeats actually is referring to the ‘Easter Uprising’ that happened in Dublin in 1916. It is history and as history is thought to be preordained, so does this association become preordained. These lines remind of the brutal execution of the leaders of Irish Republican Brotherhood (the ones who rebelled against the British for independence) and so evokes emotions of sadness, which is terrible, but also of pride and patriotism which is beautiful. In the first stanza, lines 15-16, Yeats mentions that all things are changed and even though people seem unchanged, the truth is that lives were changed after a terrible history that was born in Ireland. Again in line 39, he mentions of the terrible beauty. He talks about Countess Markieviez (lines 17-23), who Yeats describes as a woman ‘in ignorant goodwill’ and ‘her n ights in argument’ (lines 18-19). This can also mean that she represents rebellion because of the word ‘argument’. It signifies and evokes emotions of the Irish rebellion towards England for independence. ‘Ignorant goodwill’ may apply to being ignorant of the goodness of everyday life and thus choose to be more aggressive to come out independent. Yeats also talk of Patrick Pearse(lines 24-30) who could have won fame but could not as he was executed in the end. Pearse is portrayed as having a ‘sensitive nature’ (line 29). Yeats may as well be implying that ordinary people can bring about changes in the society. John MacBride is also mentioned in lines 31-38. MacBride was not one of the favorites of Yeats as he seemed to have done wrong to those near Yeats’ heart (lines 33-34), but he still regards MacBride as a hero for he fought for the good of Ireland. These people were the members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, who did their part and gave birth to a ‘terrible beauty’, that is, freedom to Ireland. Yeats argued that symbols whether color, forms or sounds evokes emotions due to their preordained energies. It is true in case of the association of the ‘terrible beauty’ in ‘Easter 1916’ because it evokes emotions of pride, sadness and patriotism (as discussed above) as it is associated with the history of Ireland. Furthermore, in lines 75-80, Yeats mentions MacDonagh, MacBride, Connolly and Pearse, who were responsible for Ireland becoming a free state, which also evokes emotions of patriotism and respect for those dead. The historical context of ‘Easter Uprising’ helps understand the symbolism better as the symbol of ‘terrible beauty’ has its ground on the events that are related to history. The ‘stone’ mentioned in lines 43, 56 and 58 has its echoes from long associations. A stone is often times associated with immovability, rigidity and unchanging nature. Here in the poem as well, the ‘stone’ is at first portrayed as ‘a trouble to the living stream’ (line 43). The leaders of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, may be associated with the stone here. As rigid and unchanging the stone is, the deceased of the ‘Easter Uprising’ also remain unchanged, in their pursuit to gain freedom and thereafter because they are dead, they will remain unchanged for all times to come. Yeats gives many examples of changing phenomenon such as the shadows of the clouds which changes every minute, the horse, the birds, the winter and the summer, which is bound to be changed each time. Then he talks of the ‘stone in the midst of all’ (line 56) which is amongst changes but still remains the same itself however. In line 58, the ‘stone’, however is associated with a heart. This may be because too much of wars and dark history, (the uprising which led to the execution of many Irish) makes the human heart cold and emotionless like that of a stone. These images of the stone evoke emotions of stillness in one. That is it makes one realize that everything is bound to change, that change is inevitable and yet there are some things that can never be changed like the stone. The historical context of the Irish freedom makes it easier to understand this because then it shows that the things and events done in the history cannot be changed. No matter how ev erything may change minute by minute, no one can re-write history. The color ‘green’ in Yeats poem symbolizes Ireland through long association. Green is mentioned in the last stanza where Yeats talk about those who were killed during the event of the ‘Easter Uprising’ of 1916. And Yeats mentions that ‘whenever green is worn’ (line 78), the things that has been changed will be remembered, the heroes will be remembered and thus the ‘terrible beauty born’ will be cherished. After the heroes were executed, ‘green’ has been associated with the representation of the nation of Ireland. So whenever green be worn, it would symbolize Ireland’s victory over the British in the fight for independence. Green as such is normally related to nature but the historical context of the poem helps in gaining a full understanding of its association with the names of the dead people mentioned in the last stanza. This evokes the feeling of patriotism because it reminds that now ‘green’ is t he color of Ireland where ‘motley was worn’ (line 14), and that liberty was now endowed to those living by those who sacrificed themselves in the quest of freedom. Through all the above paragraphs, it can be justified that Yeats stands true to his quote which he gave in his essay ‘Symbolism of Poetry’. The images, sounds and associations such as the ‘terrible beauty’, the ‘stone’ and the color ‘green’ all have either preordained energies or long associations which evokes emotions that are precise. ‘Easter 1916’, through its strong echoes of the historical period of the ‘Easter Uprising’ of 1916, manages to justify Yeats’ proposition of images being able to evoke emotions of certain precision and magnitude as discussed above. References Yeats, W.B. (1916). Easter, 1916. Retrieved from http://www.online –literature.com/yeats/779/ 1

Policy making in South Africa Essay

Introduction. Government exists in order to organise a society or nation into a manageable unit. It seeks to formulate laws for the purpose of instituting a fair, equitable and just society in which individual citizens expect to live safely being organised both to contribute to and to benefit from sound governing policy. Broadly speaking policy consists of three overhead functions which are: policy making, policy implementation and policy analysis and evaluation. The task of this assignment is to concentrate only on policy-making with particular reference to the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa. The policy-making process has three main steps, namely policy initiation; policy formulation and policy approval. Policy making, is one of the six administrative enabling functions which should be done in an orderly manner. Firstly, the nature and place of policy for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa is explained and discussed by using definitions to explain the various terminologies in order to understand to concept of policy-making. Secondly, the first step of policy making process, namely, policy initiation for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa, is discussed. Policy initiation has three steps, namely becoming aware of the problem, describing the problem and the collection of information regarding the elimination of the high crime rate. Thirdly, the second step of the policy making process namely, policy formulation with reference to the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa needs to be examined. Policy formulation has six steps, namely, liaison with interested parties, the processing of information, the setting of objectives, determining the priorities, considering the alternatives, the survey of financial resources. Fourthly, the final step of policy making is discussed, namely policy approval for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa. A scientific approach is used in this assignment. Each step contains facts followed by an explanation of the facts, the application of the theory by using the elimination of high crime in South Africa as an example and lastly deductions are made at the end of each section. Sources that were used were taken from various books and via the internet. In order to understand the policy-making process the nature and place of policy for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa is to be discussed. 1.The nature and place of policy for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa. Policy-making is one of the six administrative enabling functions. In order to understand public policy-making it is necessary to define and explain the following concepts: administrative enabling function: public policy and policy making. 1.1.The meaning of administrative as an enabling function. Meiring (2001:48) explains that the â€Å"enabling functions can be divided into six main groups, for example, policy-making: the creation of structures and posts; financial provision; personnel provision; determining work procedures and determining control measures and standards. Meiring (2001:47) further states that â€Å"no activity can be carried out, no goal pursued or objective achieved without the continuous provision of indispensable and specific means†, for example resources. In order for service delivery to take effect, policies need to be instituted. Policies are the objectives of government and therefore it is necessary for the resources to have a continuous uninterrupted flow. Resources are the commodities used in the production of goods and services. In this case the  government supplies a service to the community and therefore needs the resources to fulfil this obligation. Resources referred to would be human and capital resources. Capital resources are, for example, buildings, vehicles and finance. The uses of auxiliary functions, for example, the usage of computers, are supportive in role and a necessity in order for the South African Police Service to be efficient and effective in the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa. 1.2. The meaning of public policy. The nature of policy is a multidimensional and there are various definitions of what public policy is. According to Fox, Schwella and Wissink (1991:27-28) the following basic fundamentals of public policy can be identified and are summarised below:Policy is developed by government role players, â€Å"although non-government role players may influence the policy formulation and development† and public policy is a â€Å"purposive or goal-orientated action rather than random or chance behaviour† (Fox, Schwella and Wissink: 1991:27). Hanekom (1987:7) further elaborates and describes policy-making as â€Å"the activity preceding the publication of a goal† and it is therefore a â€Å"formally articulated goal that the legislator intends pursuing with society.† Botes et al (1992:191) further describes public policy making as being the â€Å"systematic actions† which should be taken to achieve the goals of the relevant institution. Fox, Schwella and Wissink (1991:27-28) further state that public policy generally consists of a series of decisions taken jointly by politicians and/or officials rather than individual decisions. Public policy is a â€Å"future-orientated†, changing document which is aimed at the general welfare of the public (Fox, Schwella and Wissink: 1991:29). Thus, public policy is a systematic goal-orientated action that is developed by governmental bodies and officials in consultation with the public, which emerges in response to public demand. Public policy is a future-orientated document which not only shows the statement of intent by government but interprets the values of society. Therefore the policy for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa would be to enhance a safer and more  secure environment for its citizens. 1.3. The meaning of policy making. Cloete (1998:139) explains that for the â€Å"purpose of public administration the term policy-making should be used to refer to the functions performed to obtain policies. Functions are the smallest activity that a person can do in order to obtain the goals set out. So therefore, policy-making consists of the performance of a group of generic administrative process† which â€Å"must be undertaken in an orderly manner† (Cloete: 1998:139). Therefore the functions to eliminate South Africa of the high crime rate, for example, would be for a police constable to patrol the neighbourhood (visible policing). Chapter two is concerned with the first step of policy making, being policy initiation for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa. 2.Policy initiation for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa. Wikipedia (http://www.wikipedia.org) defines the word initiation as being derived from Latin and implies a beginning. â€Å"The related term, initiate means to begin or start a particular action, event, circumstance, or happening†. Therefore â€Å"initiation† in this context means the activation of the public making process. It is therefore necessary to do a methodical investigation when a problem arises so that an effective and efficient rational policy could be implemented. Such investigation requires three steps within policy initiation which consists of the following: becoming aware of the problem; describing the problem and collecting information for solving and or preventing the problem. The first step in policy initiation would be discussed, namely, becoming aware of the problem of the high crime rate in South Africa. 2.1.Becoming aware of the problem of the high crime rate in South Africa. The recognition of a problem is reliant on the accessibility of information on the needs that move the citizen to gain the attention of the government, who in turn would decide to act or not to act. Meiring (2001:53) further explains that â€Å"by referring to â€Å"something† as a problem, the presumption is made that a value-judgement on a specific condition in a specific place and time, is seen by a person or group(s) of persons, as being unsatisfactory†. If the government is unaware of the problems affecting society various stakeholders or interest groups would take the initiative and make government aware of the problem. Usually within a democratic environment the politicians and officials attempt to find solutions to the problem affecting society. Meiring (2001:53) further explains that when government wants to implement change that the characteristic of the policy making is â€Å"dynamic† and that the â€Å"awareness of the problem refers to a threefold activity.† The threefold activity as explained by Meiring (2001:53) has the following implications in the policy initiation stage. Firstly it creates an awareness and refers to a â€Å"new field of action and the need to undertake a search for development possibilities to promote the â€Å"good life†Ã¢â‚¬  Meiring (2001:53). The second implication refers to the awareness of an â€Å"existing problem in the community and the need to undertake a search for a possible solution to solve the problem† Meiring (2001:53). The third implication refers to the â€Å"awareness of a potential problem and the need to undertake a search for a quantifiable solution to prevent the problem† Meiring (2001:53). The Institute for Security Studies (ISS) held a seminar in Pretoria on the 9th March 2007 following events in the past few months that have raised questions about a growing wave of public dissatisfaction with crime and government’s response to it. Examples that were mentioned were and â€Å"include statements in the media and parliament by the president and cabinet ministers, the aborted FNB media and letter-writing campaign, and increased media reports of vigilantism† (http://www.iss.co.za). The ISS seminar reviewed the â€Å"links between crime and perception, based on the latest  available quantitative data† (http://www.iss.co.za). The topic under discussion was: â€Å"Crime Trends and Public Perceptions: What the Latest Statistics Show† (http://www.iss.co.za). In brief and relating to the topic of this assignment one of the summations were that â€Å"crime and unemployment remained the only two out of the twenty-three critical areas in which government has constantly achieved less than a â€Å"pass mark† (http://www.iss.co.za). Further more the South African Police Service has various existing policies in place for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa, for example, the South African Police Service Act (No.68 of 1995); National crime prevention strategy and the implementation of the development of community policing policy (http://www.iss.co.za). Therefore it is apparent that the government is aware of the problem of the high crime rate and is attempting to deal with it. It is of utmost importance that the policy makers do not treat the symptoms, but the actual cause of the problem. Crime has multiple causes as it falls within the socio-economic environment. The social environment is â€Å"multifaceted and consists of a number of interrelated factors† (Van Der Waldt et al: 2002:168). Recent studies suggest that there is a link between poor economic condition (the high unemployment rate) and crime (Fox, Van Wyk and Fourie: 1998:179). The deduction is made that the policy-making process would always involve interactions between the citizens and the state institutions, for example political office bearers and officials, who have to perform the policy-making functions. It is due to the actions of the stakeholders, whether political and or civic, that the government becomes aware of the problem. The high crime rate is a socio-economic problem which has a complex and unified factors. The factors, for example are the high unemployment rate and poverty. Further more the deduction could be made that there are existing policies in place for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa but that the implementation of the policies are severely lacking. The second step in policy initiation would be discussed, namely, describing the problem for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa. 2.2.Describing the problem for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa. In order to describe the problem correctly, the information needs to be obtained in an orderly manner and it must documented in a written format. Information is needed, as per Meiring (2001:54), â€Å"regarding the results that are desired, obstacles that are experienced and the limitations of the situation and thus of a solution†. Meiring (2001:55) further states that the â€Å"diagnosis and description of a problem is a cyclical process which requires continuous analysis and evaluation if the policy makers wish to take realistic decisions to meet the demands of a changing environment†. In order to seek a solution to the problem it is necessary to describe the nature and scope of the problem. As Meiring (2001:55) further states that by describing the problem it leads to an â€Å"observable presentation or description which could be seen as the image of the real situation†. Meiring (2001:55) further states that it is the effectiveness of how the â€Å"written description or presentation corresponds to the real problem that would depend on the abilities of the participants in the process as well as the quality of information that is available†. The method in obtaining and processing information is therefore linked to the â€Å"human factor and is influenced by the values and perceptions of those participating in these activities.† Meiring (2001:55)†The situation is further complicated by the perceivable/observable reality which changes with time and which in turn results not only in a change of needs or in problems, but also values†. Meiring (2001:55) For example a couple of years ago, domestic violence was perceived to be a private matter. Currently, due to various action groups, domestic violence is no longer a private issue but has become a national issue. In order to eliminate the high level of crime in South Africa the description  of the problem must be specific. So therefore, for example, the elimination of the high crime rate within the central business district of Johannesburg could be described as follows. The geographic scope would be large, covering the areas that fall within the central business district. More categories could be created, â€Å"for example the inner city and former black townships† (http://www.csvr.org.za). As per the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation (CSVR), the nature of the crimes could range from â€Å"housebreaking, street crime, property crime and violent crime† (http://www.csvr.org.za). Further more the nature of the crimes are different and vary depending on the area in question. Therefore it can be deduced that there are various occurrences which should be taken into account when describing the problem. The factual information; the values and perceptions of the participants or the values and perceptions between the officials and politicians. To complicate matters further, there may be different views held by the state and the citizens. For example, the citizens believe that the crime rate is on the increase and the state believes the opposite to be true. The policy-making process is a complex matter and the description of the problem must be accurately recorded. The third step in policy initiation would be discussed, namely, the collection of information for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa. 2.3.The collection of information for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa. The collection of information is interwoven with the previously mentioned steps, namely, becoming aware of the problem and describing the problem. The policy-makers who take policy decisions must be served with adequate information systems. In order to deal with the problem, Meiring (2001:55) states it is of utmost importance that such problems are defined in â€Å"quantifiable terms.† The term quantifiable means that the collecting of information must be dealt with in  a scientific manner. Cloete (1998:139) declares that â€Å"it is the functions involved in obtaining information which should be performed systematically to deliver information with which the matter to be decided upon can be quantified and qualified†. Once an issue (problem) is recognised, various decisions need to be taken. While making decisions cognisance must be taken of both factual information and value judgements pertaining to the issue. Meiring (2001:56) explains that â€Å"factual information relates to the observable, measurable information that can be collected†. Meiring (2001:56) further explains that â€Å"values on the other hand relate to the inherent human feelings for what is, for example, valuable, wanted or ursu ed†. A middle ground must be found between factual information and the values of the people. It must also be kept in mind that there may not be a significant amount of information available and therefore the cost effectiveness of such an exercise must be scrutinised. Collecting information is also time-consuming. It goes without saying that during this stage there is interaction and communication with all the relevant role playersInformation could be gained through research and data gathering. Some of the information could be obtained from structured interviews with Station Commissioners at randomly selected police stations. The community and businesses may be approached with the same structural questionnaire. Various statistics may be gathered from other organizations, for example, CSVR to confirm whether the crime rate has decreased or increased or what the opinions are of the community. This information gathering would involve an analysis of the information which is time consuming and which may disclose differences in notions perceived as per example the notion of â€Å"crime† which is socially constructed. The deduction is made that on collection of information, not only is quantifiable data collected but perceptions and values as well. It is at the analysis of information that differences between factual data and values are shown. Chapter three is concerned with the policy formulation for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa. 3.Policy formulation for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa. Policy formulation is the second step within policy making. Policy formulation consists of six steps which are: liaison with interested parties; processing information; setting of objectives; determining priorities; considering alternatives and the survey of financial resources. Anderson, (1984:93) defines policy formulation to â€Å"the crafting of proposed alternatives or options for handling a problem†. Meiring’s (2001:56) definition is more pertinent at defining formulation, which is, â€Å"the clear, precise and accurate wording of processed information so as to achieve a specific aim†. The information gained must be â€Å"classified, described and processed into the required proposals† (Meiring: 2001:56). Policy formulation must be a written description of the problem in order to make a choice on the â€Å"available alternatives to solve or prevent the problem (Meiring: 2001:56). The various actions which comprise policy formulation are often described as agenda setting. An agenda is usually a list of items to be dealt with within a meeting and are usually prioritised according to importance. Cloete and Wissink (2000:98) elucidate that it is â€Å"necessary to set a policy agenda because of the deluge of policy-related issues and problems that any government faces, normally with insufficient resources to address these problems effectively.† And therefore policy agenda setting is of the utmost importance to determine which policy problems should receive priority. It is imperative to mention that decision making is an important part of policy formulation as policy makers have to decide the best policy amongst the alternatives. Not only do policy-makers decide on facts they must also make decisions on values and still remain impartial. Policy formulation would give proposed alternatives to the problem of the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa and consists of various steps which are listed below. The first step in policy formulation would be discussed, namely, liaison with interested parties for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa. 3.1.Liaison with interested parties for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa. It is of utmost importance to liaise with key interested and relevant parties in order to â€Å"determine the public perceptions of a specific matter and to find the correct solutions† to these problems (Meiring: 2001:56). Interest groups are beneficial to policy makers because â€Å"they are committed to their cause† and are â€Å"willing to supply information and advice† (Craythorne: 1993:69). Various interested parties are identified by Kuye et al (2002:77) as non-governmental organisations, civilian-based organisations, research institutes, public officials, political parties, media, departmental and interdepartmental committees. The above list is not exhaustive. Meiring further states that the â€Å"factual information and non-quantifiable values can also be tested in such a liaison† (Meiring: 2001:57). The real needs of the citizens must be suitably identified and an acceptable solution agreed upon to eliminate the high crime level in South Africa. Craythorne (1993:69) cautions that interested groups are so zealous about their cause that they will supply information that is beneficial. It is of utmost importance for a compromise and a solution to take place so that the end result of the policy would be to promote the general welfare of all citizens. In June 2006, Business Against Crime signed a memorandum of understanding to establish the Industry Alignment Forum Aggravated Robberies Initiative. Nine parties indicated in principle support for the initiative, which are: Business Against Crime; Cash in Transit Forum; Casinos Association of South Africa; Consumer Goods Council of South Africa; Security Industry Alliance; South African Banking Risk Information Centre; South African Council of Shopping Centres; South African Property Owners Association and the South African Reserve Bank. (http://www.bac.org.za.). Business Against Crime acknowledges that the cooperation of government and its agencies are  critical to the success of this initiative and that they were pleased by the SAPS interest and support (http://www.bac.org.za.). The deduction that can be made is that democracy can be strengthened if everyone works in a coordinated manner to address the challenge of the high crime rate through effective liaisioning. The second step in policy formulation must be discussed, namely, the processing of information for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa. 3.2.The processing of information for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa. The data is collected from various surveys and once compiled into various reports, the data becomes information. The information is compiled in various reports, agendas and memoranda forwarded to various commissions of enquiry; departmental and interdepartmental committees, selected committees and various caucuses and councils. One of the most important guidelines in drafting a policy is that it must be done in a rational manner. Hanekom et al (2001:27) explains that â€Å"rationality in decision-making, as in policy-making, pertains to the making of reasoned, careful selections from alternatives in order to achieve predetermined ends.† Hanekom et al (2001:27) quote common barriers to rationality, which are mentioned as follows. â€Å"The personal value preference of both politicians and administrators may influence their objectivity in deciding on policy matters† (Hanekom et al: 2001:27) and therefore the decisions become subjective. The â€Å"expenditure already approved for a specific project is not easily reversed† and is known as â€Å"sunken costs† (Hanekom et al: 2001:27) The third barrier to rationality is known as the â€Å"conflicting consequences† whereby â€Å"the anticipated consequence of a policy are often in conflict with the unanticipated consequences of that policy† (Hanekom et al: 2001:27). Lastly, since â€Å"policy-making is aimed at the future and the future is unknown, a certain amount of speculation is involved† and this is known as  the â€Å"expectations of the future† (Hanekom et al: 2001:27). The other guideline in drafting a policy is that a policy must be defendable which relates to accountability. The policy-makers should be accountable to all role players in that they should be able to explain and defend the proposed policy. Meiring, (2001:57) further suggests that policy should conform to the â€Å"will and wishes of the majority of the citizens†. For example, all the data gathered from the survey done in the Johannesburg city centre has been compiled into various reports agendas and memorandum. In order for further clarity and recommendations to take place a series of public hearings are organised and held. These public hearings are held to in â€Å"order to justify policy attention and it forms the focus for further clarification, formulation and restructuring before the importance of acting on it by the policy system is conveyed to the policy-makers†. (Cloete and Wissink: 2000:98)The deduction could be made that the process of information must be defendable and rational and that this process is cyclical in nature and in order for policy to succeed all relevant parties must be consulted. The third step in policy formulation would be discussed, namely, the setting of objectives for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa. 3.3.The setting of objectives for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa. In this step it becomes possible for policy-makers to identify objectives of the intended policy. The objectives would indicate what the intensions are; how to go about achieving the objectives and by what means the objective would be achieved. In other words, what resources and capital would be needed to achieve the intended policy?Cloete and Wissink (2000:117) explain that â€Å"objectives set forth specific aims†. In other words objectives are â€Å"measurable in quantifiable terms† (Cloete and Wissink: 2000:117). The nature of objectives is normative as it states â€Å"what ought to be achieved by a particular policy and contains elements of forecasting† (Cloete and Wissink: 2000:117). Cloete and Wissink (2000:117-118) elucidate that  objective setting is linked with forecasting â€Å"by a natural progression, and is concerned with a desired future†. It must be noted that policy is a â€Å"dynamic phenomenon† and â€Å"objectives, by themselves, are static† (Kuye et al: 2002:74). This statement implies that â€Å"policy containing broad guidelines of governmental action† must change according to the needs of the citizens, â€Å"whilst objectives remain static in terms of time†. (Kuye et al: 2002:74)Meiring (2001:58) states â€Å"that when an objective has been set and made known in the public sector it is normally said that the policy has been made. It is imperative that clear objectives are set out â€Å"in order that all persons involved will know exactly the target at which activities are aimed† (Meiring: 2001:58). Therefore to reiterate, clear unambiguous objectives need to be set. The objectives within policy-making would indicate what the intensions are; how to go about achieving the objectives and by what means the objective would be achieved in order that all persons involved know what activities are aimed at. For example, the specific objective to eliminate the high crime rate within the city of Johannesburg alone would be to increase the number of visible policing from four to six policemen per city block over a period of one year who would sign a roster at every business within their â€Å"beat†. The Police Service would work in co-ordination with Business Against Crime and the public by having regular meetings to inform and educate. Cameras could be installed at various strategic places within the central business district. Increased street lighting needs to be installed in residential areas. A Zero crime tolerance campaign could be launched that would emphasise the arrest of petty criminals. It could be deduced from this section that the setting and prioritising (which will be discussed within the next step) of objectives is a process called policy making. Clear objectives need to be set and that objective setting is a statement of a desired future. The fourth step in policy formulation would then be discussed, namely, the establishment of priorities for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa. 3.4.Determining the priorities for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa. No government is in a position to continuously satisfy all the needs of its citizens as there is a limited amount of resources to accomplish all the needs. The most important scarce resource is finance. There is a difference between actual needs and the expected needs. Meiring (2001:58) further states that â€Å"needs are not equal and often difficult to compare or weigh up against each other†. The objectives, as stated before must be clearly defined. Meiring (2001:58) further elaborates that the â€Å"network of objectives should also be ranked in a priority list, whereby it becomes clear which objectives are more important than others. When policy makers rank and prioritise their objectives two questions are asked, â€Å"what should be done and what can be done, to solve or eliminate a problem (Meiring: 2001:58)?Cloete and Wissink (2000:122) state that the more â€Å"complex and comprehensive a policy is in terms of societal needs or demands, the greater the danger of multiple and sometimes conflicting goals and objectives can become†. Therefore Cloete and Wissink (2000:122) suggest different tasks that need to be fulfilled. One suggestion would be â€Å"establish a system of relative values and trade-off’s among the objectives† (Cloete and Wissink: 2000:122). In other words to â€Å"trade-off† one objective for another. The other task would be to â€Å"prioritise the objectives and then to optimise in sequence† (Cloete and Wissink: 2000:122). In practice this means that the selected objectives are not necessarily the best available objectives, but that the policy would satisfy t he larger section of society (Cloete and Wissink: 2000:122). For example to determine the priorities for the elimination of crime the final prioritised list would appear as follows:What should be done VSWhat can be doneEight policemen within one city block.Four policemen within a city block. Installation of cameras on every city block.Installation of cameras in problem areas only. Zero crime tolerance campaign.Only enough manpower to deal with serious crimeIt is extremely difficult to prioritise the objectives as the needs list is endless but the resource list is extremely scarce. The policy-maker needs to determine the actual needs from the expected needs which is very difficult to weigh up against. The fifth step in policy formulation would be discussed, namely, the consideration of alternatives for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa. 3.5.The consideration of alternatives for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa. Once the real issue is recognised, the next step would be to recognise alternative solutions. Craythorne (1993:63) cautions that it is at this step that a â€Å"particular danger arises, of becoming entangled in a search after an infinite number of solutions in order to find the optimum or best solution†. Craythorne (1993:63) further states that â€Å"firm leadership is required during this phase of policy-making to ensure that only those solutions are identified which are practical, feasible and likely to solve the problem in the most satisfying way and within the means available†. In order to consider which alternative would be the best a list should be drawn up including â€Å"the determining of all available consequences and a comparative evaluation of each consequence†(Meiring: 2001:59). The word consequence has a two fold meaning, effect and side effect. The effect of the policy refers to the policy output. Policy output as per, Fox, Schwella and Wissink (1991:32) â€Å"involves the production of policies in the form of formal legislation, administrative rules and regulations, judicial interpretation† and so forth. The side effect of a policy refers to the impact that that particular policy would have on the environment or on other policies. There are certain criteria that a policy-maker could use that would assist in the choice between alternatives. Considering the page limits on this assignment the most important criteria only are mentioned. The first criteria would be effectiveness which is â€Å"often measured in terms of units of products or services.† (Van Niekerk, Jonker and Van Der Waldt: 2001: 96) The second choice would be efficiency which addresses the costs of services. Adequacy would be the next criteria and usually â€Å"refers to the extent to which any given level of effectiveness satisfies the needs, values or opportunities that give rise to a problem.† (Van Niekerk: Jonker: Van Der Waldt: 2001: 96) It is important that the solutions are identified which are practical, feasible and likely to solve the problem in the most satisfying way and within the means available as resources such as finance and human capital are scarce. The alternatives to the solution should be listed and cognisance should be taken that the policy would have an effect on the legislation, administrative rules and any other effect. The side effects refer to the impacts on other policies and the environment. The criteria that would help a policy-maker are effectiveness, efficiency, and adequacy. Effectiveness refers to â€Å"doing the right things right†; efficiency refers to maximum output with minimum input and adequacy refers the extent that the policy satisfies the needs, values and opportunities of the citizens. Criticism, has been levied as to whether the Community Policing Forums (CPF) are still effective in enhancing public safety and if it still includes the assistance of community in combating crime. In a paper entitled South Africa’s changing community policing policy by the Institute for Security Studies the inception of the CPF in 1996 with the promulgation of the National Crime Prevention Strategy with the â€Å"intention to establish broad partnership with the community to improve police services and reduce crime† (http://www.iss.co.za.) is discusses. The CPF’ were created by legislation and were given the right to exercise public functions in terms of that legislation. Since then various other legislation and interim regulations had the effect of either â€Å"directly avoiding or downgrading the issue of state support for the CPF’s and even specifically outlawing some current practises of the CPF that facilitate support for their activities†.  (http://www.iss.co.za.). The result is two fold. Firstly, policy-makers who were formulating the subsequent legislation never thought what the effect and side effect would have on the CPF. Therefore, to date the CPF is a policy that exists on paper alone which is inadequate, inefficient, and ineffective and fails to respond to the needs of all the citizens. Thus it can be deduced that policy has a direct effect and an indirect effect, the effect of other legislation on CPF negated the positive impact of CPF. Policy needs to be reviewed regularly to ensure relevance and effectiveness. The sixth step in policy formulation would be discussed, namely, the the survey of financial resources for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa. 3.6.The survey of financial resources for the eliminate the high crime rate in South Africa. â€Å"Budgeting is more than a set of procedures for controlling the volume of funds flowing to agencies and programs; it is also a means and a source of opportunities for shaping the direction and intensity of public policies and the scope of governmental activities† (Anderson:1984:179). Anderson (1984:182) further states that the budget is also a statement of policy and in reality conflicts over money are conflicts over policy. Public revenue needs to be raised to fund public services and new ways need to be found to increase the traditional sources of income. The four main sources of traditional income as per Van Der Waldt et al. (2002:9) are: income taxation, eg personal income tax; wealth taxation for example capital gains tax; consumption taxation for example value added tax and user charges, for example, consumer tariffs. Budget gives focus to specific issues of policy thus a particular ministry which received above inflation budget increases should render a better service year on year. For example the Minister of Finance granted the Ministry of Safety and Security a 43% increase between budget year 2003/04  and budget year 2006/07. One can deduce that finance supports policy. (The converse is all so true) Emphasis can be shifted from one program to another by shifting financial backing. Policy approval is the third and final step within the policy-making process for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa. 4.Policy approval for the eliminate of the high crime rate in South AfricaPolicy approval is the final step in the policy-making process. Once policy makers have formulated a policy the policy is forwarded for consideration and authorisation of a policy. Meiring (2001:59) states that â€Å"policy is found in many forms, as well as various formats because policy making takes place on various levels and various participants play a co-operative role†. Public policy can be examined on four levels which are political, executive, departmental and operational policy. The policy on the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa would result in a specific policy and will have â€Å"political, executive, departmental and operational aspects†, which must be first determined â€Å".(Meiring: Personal Notes:9) Each aspect â€Å"must be formulated and approved, before a policy can be implemented† â€Å".(Meiring: Personal Notes:9) There would be an higher premium of value placed on the elimination of the high crime rate as it is a political policy. According to Meiring (Personal Notes:10) there is a specific procedure which is usually followed for the approval of policy. 4.1. The procedure for consideration and approval of the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa Bill. The specific procedure by Meiring (Personal Notes:10) is now recorded for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa. A public bill is introduced by the Minister of Safety and Security and is dealt with as follows:†¢Introduction and first reading where notice is given of the intention to submit a Bill on a specific subject on a specific day. On that day the measure is tabled and the short title is read, being The Elimination of the High Crime Rate†¢The second reading commences with the introduction of the policy formulated by the proposed Bill by the Minister of Safety and Security. The subjected is debated and alternative amendments are forwarded until the House accepts the policy. †¢The third phase is the Committee Stage. The Chairman of Committees, the deputy speaker, acts as chairman for the meeting where each section of the Bill is read and debated separately. In the committee stage, the contents of the Bill are thus discussed to ascertain whether the measure will succeed in carrying into effect the policy debated in the second reading. †¢Report stage. After the committee stage the speaker takes over as Chairman and the Chairman of Committees reports on the resolution of the Committee. †¢The third reading that follows seldom initiates further discussion and is executed to review the Bill in its entirety. †¢After approved by the House the Bill is referred to the President for signature. †¢After signature by the State President the Bill is published in the Government Gazette, after which date the Bill is an enforceable Act of Parliament. ConclusionGovernment exists to satisfy the needs of the community. In order to meet the needs and demands of the community, government has to develop policies to meet those needs and demands. Therefore the citizens expect service delivery which is linked to policy and policy implementation. Policy indicates what government intentions are. The policy-making process is a time consuming and complicated because of the structure of government. The policy-making is time and space bound and it takes place within a changing  environment. It is imperative that the citizens are consulted during the policy-making process so that policy is adequate, effective and efficient in addressing the needs of the citizen. Books Anderson, J.E. (1984). 3rd Edition. Public Policymaking: An Introduction. Houghton Mifflin Company. Boston. Botes, P.S.; Brynard, P.A.; Fourie, D.J.; Roux, N.L. (1992). Public Administration and Management: A Guide to Central, Regional and Municipal Administration and Management. Kagiso Publishers. Pretoria. Cloete, F.: Wissink,H.: (2000). Improving Public Policy. Van Schaik Publishers. Pretoria. Cloete, J.J.N.: (1998). 9th Revised Edition. South African Public Administration and Management. JL Van Schaik Publishers. Hatfield, Pretoria. Craythorne, D.L.: (1993): 3rd Edition: Municipal Administration: A Handbook. Juta & Co. Ltd. Kenwyn. Fox, W.: Schwella, H.; Wissink, H. (1991). Public Management. Juta & Company LTD. Kenwyn. Fox, W.: Van Wyk, B.; Fourie, M. (1998). Police Management in South Africa. Juta & Company LTD. Kenwyn. Hanekom, S.X.: (1987). Public Policy: Framework and Instrument for Action. Sigma Press. Pretoria. Hanekom, S.X.: Rowland, R.W.: Bain, E.G. (2001). Revised Edition. Key Aspects of Public Administration. Oxford University Press. Southern Africa, Cape Town. Kuye, J.O. et al. (2002). Critical Perspectives on Public Administration: Issues for Consideration. Heinemann Publishers (PTY)Ltd. SandownMeiring, M.H.: (2001): 2nd Revised Edition: Fundamental Public Administration: A Perspective on Development. School for Public Administration and Management. University of Port Elizabeth. Van Der Waldt, G. et al. (2002): Managing for Results in Governement. Heinemann Publishers PTY (Ltd). Sandown. Other media sourcesMeiring, M.H.: Personal Notes: Unit 2 Policy Making in the Public Sector: Part 1: The Steps in Policy Making. http://www.bac.org.za. (Accessed 12/5/2007)http://www.csvr.org.za. (Accessed 6/5/2007)http://www.iss.co.za. (Accessed 6/5/2007)http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initiation (Accessed 26/4/2007)